SAP Cost/Benefit Analysis:-
Actully we are planning to implement sap in our fertilizer company. The thing which I need to know from you people is why we should implement sap in our company and what kind of steps should we take to implement sap in fertilizer company. Before we are running manualy so what kind of benefits sap will bring us for prolong period of time.
SAP COST/BENEFIT ANALYSIS:-
Reduce Receivables (0%- 75%)
1. Identify current working capital investment in receivables
2. Determine average days outstanding
3. Estimate reduction in days outstanding
4. Determine associated reduction in working capital
5. Benefit in the cost of capital for the reduction in working capital
SAP Enablers:-
1. On-line and integrated system provides faster invoicing cycling time
2. Better analysis tools for receivables analysis
Increase Sales (0% - 10%):-
Calculation:-
1. Identify sales volume by product line
2. Estimate total sales capacity/production capacity (This should include allowances for preventive and unplanned downtime for maintenance reasons)
3. Estimate sales value of lost available production
4. Estimate portion of capacity that an be converted to sales
SAP Enablers:-
1. On line real-time capabilities increase responsiveness and customer service
2. Improved customer forecasting
Increase Production/Sales (0%-5%):-
Calculation:-
1. Determine total sales
2. Determine margin on sales 3
. Determine capacity utilization
4. Estimate increase in capacity utilization
5. Benefit in the margin on additional products
SAP Enablers:-
1. Integration with MM provides earlier visibility of material/asset availability issues
2. Production planning helps identify unused capacity
3. Better forecasting and planning tools helps identify correct product mix to produce
4. Better planning tools help manage product conversion (tear down, setup, off-spec) costs
Reduce Inventory (0%-50%):-
Calculation:-
1. Identify inventory value by category (if LIFO valuation, value is actually higher than reported)
2. Multiply inventory reductions by incremental carrying costs (carrying costs includes cost of capital, taxes, insurance, and damage allowance)
SAP Enablers:-
1. Improved visibility of inventory
2. Improved forecasting
3. Improved data accuracy
4. Reduced process cycle times
Sunday, July 27, 2008
LOCKING THE WHOLE SAP SYSTEM.....
Locking the whole SAP system:-
Using the command tp locksys «SysID» only the user SAP* will be allowed to login. The command tp unlocksys «SysID» cancels the lock.
Connection between SAP R/3 and operating system The command sapevt can be used to trigger an event from the operation system. Thus, a job previously defined within R/3 will be released.
SQL code help Run the command oerr ora «error number» under user ora«SysID».
Oracle import and export explanations Run the command imp help=yes under user ora«SysID». This format can also be used with exp, impst, and expst.
SAP Profile from 3.x to 4.x
SAP_NEW - When you are upgrading from 3.x to 4.x, all the new transaction code are store in this profile. You have to do a mass insert of all the users with the new profile and slowly remove those unathorized transaction once the system start running.
PFCG - The new Authorization transaction. Note : Research based on version 3.0f under Unix, Oracle data base and Windows
SAP Session take over Disabled:-
SAP have disabled the session takeover once you upgrade to 4.6x.
Definitively SAP have blocked the functionality from the kernel.
The original program RSM04000 still exists but it doesn't work anymore.
Alternatively, you can used software like Microsoft NetMeetings.
However, in some of the SAP Version 4.x, you can still echo the user session.
This is how it goes :-
How to Create the Echoed Session :-
a) Make sure the User you want to Echo to is logged onto the same system you are logged onto. b) Rel prior to 4.6B, Execute the SM04 transaction from your logon. Rel 4.6B and later, Execute program RSM04000 from your logon. c) Single Mouse-click to the command input area and key in 'slon' (without the quotes). d) Single Mouse-click to the Userid you want to 'Echo-on' to. e) Hit enter. f) You will now be echoing your screens to the other User. Note: You have not taken over their original session, you have created a new session for the echo.
How to Terminate the Echoed Session :-
a) Return to your SM04 screen display. Single Mouse-click to the command input area and key in 'slof' (without the quotes). b) Single Mouse-click to the Userid you want to 'Echo-off'. c) Hit enter.
Note: This will remove your Echoed session screen from the Users screen, but leave the User logged on with their original session.
Using the command tp locksys «SysID» only the user SAP* will be allowed to login. The command tp unlocksys «SysID» cancels the lock.
Connection between SAP R/3 and operating system The command sapevt can be used to trigger an event from the operation system. Thus, a job previously defined within R/3 will be released.
SQL code help Run the command oerr ora «error number» under user ora«SysID».
Oracle import and export explanations Run the command imp help=yes under user ora«SysID». This format can also be used with exp, impst, and expst.
SAP Profile from 3.x to 4.x
SAP_NEW - When you are upgrading from 3.x to 4.x, all the new transaction code are store in this profile. You have to do a mass insert of all the users with the new profile and slowly remove those unathorized transaction once the system start running.
PFCG - The new Authorization transaction. Note : Research based on version 3.0f under Unix, Oracle data base and Windows
SAP Session take over Disabled:-
SAP have disabled the session takeover once you upgrade to 4.6x.
Definitively SAP have blocked the functionality from the kernel.
The original program RSM04000 still exists but it doesn't work anymore.
Alternatively, you can used software like Microsoft NetMeetings.
However, in some of the SAP Version 4.x, you can still echo the user session.
This is how it goes :-
How to Create the Echoed Session :-
a) Make sure the User you want to Echo to is logged onto the same system you are logged onto. b) Rel prior to 4.6B, Execute the SM04 transaction from your logon. Rel 4.6B and later, Execute program RSM04000 from your logon. c) Single Mouse-click to the command input area and key in 'slon' (without the quotes). d) Single Mouse-click to the Userid you want to 'Echo-on' to. e) Hit enter. f) You will now be echoing your screens to the other User. Note: You have not taken over their original session, you have created a new session for the echo.
How to Terminate the Echoed Session :-
a) Return to your SM04 screen display. Single Mouse-click to the command input area and key in 'slof' (without the quotes). b) Single Mouse-click to the Userid you want to 'Echo-off'. c) Hit enter.
Note: This will remove your Echoed session screen from the Users screen, but leave the User logged on with their original session.
IMPORTANT NOTES SAP
Report command field formats:-
%pri Print the current report
%pc Download the current report
%sc Call the find function
p+ Go to the next page
p- Go to the previous page
p++ Go to the last page
p-- Go to the first page
Helpful ABAP reports:-
RSCLTCOP Copy tables across clients
RSAVGL00 Table adjustment across clients
RSINCL00 Extended program list
RSBDCSUB Release batch-input sessions automaticly
RSTXSCRP Transport SAPscript files across systems
RSORAREL Get the Oracle Release
RGUGBR00 Substitution/Validation utility
RSPARAM Display all instance parameters
RSUSR003 Check the passwords of users SAP* and DDIC in all clients
RSUSR006 List users last login
Shortcut keystroke to enter TODAYS DATE:-
In the date fields press F4 then press F2
It works in MOST date fields.
Meaning of info structures' first letter:-
A Pricing
B Output determination
C Account determination
D Material determination
E Rebates
F Index
G Listing and Exclusion
H Batch determination
I Profile determination
S Statistics
X Statistics extra
Unconditional mode when importing or exporting a request/transport
Run the command R3trans -u under user «SysID»adm.
Reapplying hot packages
If you accidently applied hot packages out of sequence for instance. Use the transaction SM31 to modify table PAT03. You have to choose the desired patch and click on delete entry.
Main return codes of tp program
0 Successfully done
4 Warnings occurred
8 Errors occurred
12 Fatal errors occurred
16 Internal errors occurred
Scheduling of system maintenance jobs:-
RSBTCDEL Clean the old background job records
RSDBCREO Clean batch input session log
RSPO0041 Removing old spooling objects
RSSNAPDL Clean the old ABAP error dumps
Before going live for your SAP Implementation:-
It is highly advisable to increase the next extend´s size of some tables and their indexes even before initial loadings
FI BKPF, BSEG, BSIS, BSAD, BSAK, BSID and BSIK
CO COEJ, COEP, COKS, COSS and T811*
AM ANL*
MM MKPF, MSEG and BSIM
SD VBAP, VBAK, VBEP, VBPA, LIKP, LIPS, VBRK, VBRP, VBKD, VBUK, VBUP and VBSS
PP RESB and MDTB
Accross module ATAB, TST03, TSP01, MCSI, KNVP, ACCTIT, COEP, APQD, RFBLG, CDCLS, SDBAD and from S000 to S999
%pri Print the current report
%pc Download the current report
%sc Call the find function
p+ Go to the next page
p- Go to the previous page
p++ Go to the last page
p-- Go to the first page
Helpful ABAP reports:-
RSCLTCOP Copy tables across clients
RSAVGL00 Table adjustment across clients
RSINCL00 Extended program list
RSBDCSUB Release batch-input sessions automaticly
RSTXSCRP Transport SAPscript files across systems
RSORAREL Get the Oracle Release
RGUGBR00 Substitution/Validation utility
RSPARAM Display all instance parameters
RSUSR003 Check the passwords of users SAP* and DDIC in all clients
RSUSR006 List users last login
Shortcut keystroke to enter TODAYS DATE:-
In the date fields press F4 then press F2
It works in MOST date fields.
Meaning of info structures' first letter:-
A Pricing
B Output determination
C Account determination
D Material determination
E Rebates
F Index
G Listing and Exclusion
H Batch determination
I Profile determination
S Statistics
X Statistics extra
Unconditional mode when importing or exporting a request/transport
Run the command R3trans -u under user «SysID»adm.
Reapplying hot packages
If you accidently applied hot packages out of sequence for instance. Use the transaction SM31 to modify table PAT03. You have to choose the desired patch and click on delete entry.
Main return codes of tp program
0 Successfully done
4 Warnings occurred
8 Errors occurred
12 Fatal errors occurred
16 Internal errors occurred
Scheduling of system maintenance jobs:-
RSBTCDEL Clean the old background job records
RSDBCREO Clean batch input session log
RSPO0041 Removing old spooling objects
RSSNAPDL Clean the old ABAP error dumps
Before going live for your SAP Implementation:-
It is highly advisable to increase the next extend´s size of some tables and their indexes even before initial loadings
FI BKPF, BSEG, BSIS, BSAD, BSAK, BSID and BSIK
CO COEJ, COEP, COKS, COSS and T811*
AM ANL*
MM MKPF, MSEG and BSIM
SD VBAP, VBAK, VBEP, VBPA, LIKP, LIPS, VBRK, VBRP, VBKD, VBUK, VBUP and VBSS
PP RESB and MDTB
Accross module ATAB, TST03, TSP01, MCSI, KNVP, ACCTIT, COEP, APQD, RFBLG, CDCLS, SDBAD and from S000 to S999
LEGACY SYSTEM MIGRATION IN SAP.....
Step by Step Legacy System Migration Workbench - LSMW:-
The Legacy System Migration Workbench (LSMW) is a tool recommended by SAP that you can use to transfer data once only or periodically from legacy systems into an R/3 System.
The LSM Workbench covers the following steps:-
(1) Read the legacy data from one or several files (e.g. spreadsheet tables, sequential files).
(2) Convert the data from source format to target format.
(3) Import the data using standard interfaces (Batch Input, Direct Input, BAPI, IDoc).
The Steps for LSMW are:
Example: Customer Master upload:
LSMW to Update Customer Master Records with Transaction Recording
Call Legacy System Migration Workbench by entering transaction code LSMW. Every conversion task is grouped together as Project / Subproject / Object structure. Create a Project called LSMW_DEMO and a Subproject as CUSTOMERS and Object as CUST_REC
Step 1: Maintain Object attributes:-
In this example, you will be updating the customer master records with the help of recording a transaction (XD02). Choose radio button Batch Input Recording and click on the recording overview icon to record the R/3 transaction. Enter the Recording name as XD02_REC, the description as Customer Master Updates Recording, and the transaction code as XD02.
Step 2. Maintain Source Structures:-
Give a name and a description to the source structure.
Step 3. Maintain Source Fields:-
In this step, you need to list what fields are present in the source structure. The easiest way is to click on ‘Table Maintenance’ icon to enter Fieldname, Type and Length for each field.
Step 4: Maintain Structure Relations:-
Execute a step to ‘Maintain Structure Relations’. Since, there is only one Source and Target Structure, the relationship is defaulted automatically.
Step 5: Maintain field mapping and conversion rules:-
Field RF02D-D0310 represents that you chose ‘Sales view’ for the customer Master screen accordingly its value should be set to X. Keep your cursor on field RF02D-D0310 and click on Constant rule icon to choose the constant value of ‘X’.
If your source file already has the field value, you choose rule ‘Source Field’. Keep cursor on field ‘KUNNR’ and click on ‘Assign Source field’ icon to choose source field CUSTOMER from structure XD02S
Step 6: Maintain fixed values, translations, user-defined routines:-
You can also maintain re-usable translations and user-defined routines, which can be used across conversion tasks. In this case, that step is not required.
Step 7: Specify files:-
In this step, we define how the layout of the input file is. The input file is a Tab delimited with the first row as field names. It is present on my PC (local drive) as C:\XD02.txt.
Step 8: Assign files:-
Execute step ‘Assign Files’ and the system automatically defaults the filename to the source structure.
Step 9: Read data:-
In this step, LSMW reads the data from the source file (from your PC’s local drive). You have the option to read only selected rows and convert data values to Internal format.
Step 10: Display read data:-
This step is optional. If required, you can review the field contents for the rows of data read.
Step 11: Convert data:-
This is the step that actually converts the source data (in source format) to a target format. Based on the conversion rules defined, source fields are mapped to target fields.
Step 12: Display Converted data:-
Again this is an optional step to view how the source data is converted to internal SAP format.
Step 13: Create batch input session:-
Once the source data is converted in an internal format, you can create a batch session to process updates.
Step 14: Run Batch Input Session:-
You can execute the BDC session by Run Batch input session. Executing a batch input session is a standard SM35 transaction for managing BDC sessions. Once you have successfully executed the batch input session, the customer master records are updated in the system. You can confirm this by viewing the customer master records (XD03).
The Legacy System Migration Workbench (LSMW) is a tool recommended by SAP that you can use to transfer data once only or periodically from legacy systems into an R/3 System.
The LSM Workbench covers the following steps:-
(1) Read the legacy data from one or several files (e.g. spreadsheet tables, sequential files).
(2) Convert the data from source format to target format.
(3) Import the data using standard interfaces (Batch Input, Direct Input, BAPI, IDoc).
The Steps for LSMW are:
Example: Customer Master upload:
LSMW to Update Customer Master Records with Transaction Recording
Call Legacy System Migration Workbench by entering transaction code LSMW. Every conversion task is grouped together as Project / Subproject / Object structure. Create a Project called LSMW_DEMO and a Subproject as CUSTOMERS and Object as CUST_REC
Step 1: Maintain Object attributes:-
In this example, you will be updating the customer master records with the help of recording a transaction (XD02). Choose radio button Batch Input Recording and click on the recording overview icon to record the R/3 transaction. Enter the Recording name as XD02_REC, the description as Customer Master Updates Recording, and the transaction code as XD02.
Step 2. Maintain Source Structures:-
Give a name and a description to the source structure.
Step 3. Maintain Source Fields:-
In this step, you need to list what fields are present in the source structure. The easiest way is to click on ‘Table Maintenance’ icon to enter Fieldname, Type and Length for each field.
Step 4: Maintain Structure Relations:-
Execute a step to ‘Maintain Structure Relations’. Since, there is only one Source and Target Structure, the relationship is defaulted automatically.
Step 5: Maintain field mapping and conversion rules:-
Field RF02D-D0310 represents that you chose ‘Sales view’ for the customer Master screen accordingly its value should be set to X. Keep your cursor on field RF02D-D0310 and click on Constant rule icon to choose the constant value of ‘X’.
If your source file already has the field value, you choose rule ‘Source Field’. Keep cursor on field ‘KUNNR’ and click on ‘Assign Source field’ icon to choose source field CUSTOMER from structure XD02S
Step 6: Maintain fixed values, translations, user-defined routines:-
You can also maintain re-usable translations and user-defined routines, which can be used across conversion tasks. In this case, that step is not required.
Step 7: Specify files:-
In this step, we define how the layout of the input file is. The input file is a Tab delimited with the first row as field names. It is present on my PC (local drive) as C:\XD02.txt.
Step 8: Assign files:-
Execute step ‘Assign Files’ and the system automatically defaults the filename to the source structure.
Step 9: Read data:-
In this step, LSMW reads the data from the source file (from your PC’s local drive). You have the option to read only selected rows and convert data values to Internal format.
Step 10: Display read data:-
This step is optional. If required, you can review the field contents for the rows of data read.
Step 11: Convert data:-
This is the step that actually converts the source data (in source format) to a target format. Based on the conversion rules defined, source fields are mapped to target fields.
Step 12: Display Converted data:-
Again this is an optional step to view how the source data is converted to internal SAP format.
Step 13: Create batch input session:-
Once the source data is converted in an internal format, you can create a batch session to process updates.
Step 14: Run Batch Input Session:-
You can execute the BDC session by Run Batch input session. Executing a batch input session is a standard SM35 transaction for managing BDC sessions. Once you have successfully executed the batch input session, the customer master records are updated in the system. You can confirm this by viewing the customer master records (XD03).
WHAT IS THE BENEFITS OF SAP IMPLEMENTATION????
Benefits of SAP implementation :-
Benefits to the suppliers :-
1) SAP increases their market share and , increased business by virtue of AMCs.
2) Implementer gets business and people working at client side will build their resume.
3) Hardware manufacturer gets their share of business without any effort.
Clients :-
1) Efficient , user specific, customized legacy system dies. Along with all the trained people to manage it will also loose their importance and gets demotivated.
2) Increased cost of IT by virtue of Initial expenditure on SAP licenses/ Hardware/ Net working & implementation. recurring costs /year goes up by virtue of AMC for SAP licenses and support 3) Entire Company performance goes down. Each person puts the blame on SAP for not working properly,
4) Trained manpower in SAP leaves the company in search of better ( ? ) opportunities leaving the systems department in disarray . This puts more dependence on support from AMC ( which is a mirage and clients pay heavy price )
5) One year post go live, with great difficulty , companies finalise accounts and have nightmarish times explaining the auditors.
6) Educated end users will find out lots of open ends in various clearing accounts. Due to pressure from Sr.Management, they try to pass manual entries and end up in differential account balances. ( simple inventory statement form MC.1 does not tally with sum of corresponding GL accounts )
7) End user start raising tickets on supports for flimsy issues consuming precious AMC hours
8) End of one year, the Sr management will realise that only 30 % of their actual business process were mapped in SAP and to full fill their other business needs, they need to go for other licenses in SAP modules --- more expenditure......!
9) Middle of second year, the database growth will increase and Size of Hardware needs up gradation...leading to more expenditure
10) Release notes for SAP will constantly put customised report updating..at client end. ( hope they have trained manpower to tackle it )
11) List of reports on MIS increases. End users reluctance to accept SAP reports puts more pressure on MIS
12) every transaction will be recorded which includes the mistake done by end users . All the mistakes done by respective users of MM/SD/PP ends at accounts department for answers.
13) End users and Sr management will realise that old system legacy ) was better and was answering to their needs with few exceptions like inter connectivity, web etc.
14) Dependency of legacy system and mapping it to SAP will produce replica of legacy system in the form of SAP ...! This leads to fact that all the features of SAP will never comes to light and implementers will package legacy system in SAP and run away with money. This happens at most of clients. Where all the minus of legacy systems reappears in SAP too...! ( why do you need to spend millions to get what you had earlier ..! )
Real benefits:-
( seen and appreciated by very very very few clients ) 1) one data flows across all domains 2) Visibility of data 3) Visibility of inventory/accounts/MIS for better control 4) Planning and automated working avoiding procedural hurdles for various domains like purchase/production/sales etc 5) Inter-connectivity with other applications of PDM/SCM/CRM/ bla bla bla.....
Benefits to the suppliers :-
1) SAP increases their market share and , increased business by virtue of AMCs.
2) Implementer gets business and people working at client side will build their resume.
3) Hardware manufacturer gets their share of business without any effort.
Clients :-
1) Efficient , user specific, customized legacy system dies. Along with all the trained people to manage it will also loose their importance and gets demotivated.
2) Increased cost of IT by virtue of Initial expenditure on SAP licenses/ Hardware/ Net working & implementation. recurring costs /year goes up by virtue of AMC for SAP licenses and support 3) Entire Company performance goes down. Each person puts the blame on SAP for not working properly,
4) Trained manpower in SAP leaves the company in search of better ( ? ) opportunities leaving the systems department in disarray . This puts more dependence on support from AMC ( which is a mirage and clients pay heavy price )
5) One year post go live, with great difficulty , companies finalise accounts and have nightmarish times explaining the auditors.
6) Educated end users will find out lots of open ends in various clearing accounts. Due to pressure from Sr.Management, they try to pass manual entries and end up in differential account balances. ( simple inventory statement form MC.1 does not tally with sum of corresponding GL accounts )
7) End user start raising tickets on supports for flimsy issues consuming precious AMC hours
8) End of one year, the Sr management will realise that only 30 % of their actual business process were mapped in SAP and to full fill their other business needs, they need to go for other licenses in SAP modules --- more expenditure......!
9) Middle of second year, the database growth will increase and Size of Hardware needs up gradation...leading to more expenditure
10) Release notes for SAP will constantly put customised report updating..at client end. ( hope they have trained manpower to tackle it )
11) List of reports on MIS increases. End users reluctance to accept SAP reports puts more pressure on MIS
12) every transaction will be recorded which includes the mistake done by end users . All the mistakes done by respective users of MM/SD/PP ends at accounts department for answers.
13) End users and Sr management will realise that old system legacy ) was better and was answering to their needs with few exceptions like inter connectivity, web etc.
14) Dependency of legacy system and mapping it to SAP will produce replica of legacy system in the form of SAP ...! This leads to fact that all the features of SAP will never comes to light and implementers will package legacy system in SAP and run away with money. This happens at most of clients. Where all the minus of legacy systems reappears in SAP too...! ( why do you need to spend millions to get what you had earlier ..! )
Real benefits:-
( seen and appreciated by very very very few clients ) 1) one data flows across all domains 2) Visibility of data 3) Visibility of inventory/accounts/MIS for better control 4) Planning and automated working avoiding procedural hurdles for various domains like purchase/production/sales etc 5) Inter-connectivity with other applications of PDM/SCM/CRM/ bla bla bla.....
WHAT IS ASAP METHODOLOGY????
What is ASAP Methodology:-
ASAP: Accelerated Systems Application and Products in Data Processing
All implementation projects have the the following phases:
Scoping - What is to be implemented i.e. which submodules are to be implemented some clients may not require credit management for example. Look at the project scope document carefully it will tell you what SAP sub-modules in SAP you should be prepared for. Usually the sales people along with project manager do it.
As is - Here you understand the existing business processes of the client . Your BPOcollect all the ISO-documentation (if client is ISO certified), reports and forms at this stage and you analyse how and when the reports/forms are generated, where the data is coming from. You also do a Level -2 training for your BPO so he is made aware of all the required transactions in SAP.
Once this is over BPO can start learning with the consultants help more about SAP. This is crucial because if you miss out any transactions the BPO may forget about some of his Business processes which may come up later. It is a good practice to ask the BPO to make flow charts to explain business processes.
To-Be - Parallely you map these processes to SAP. Processes that you are not sure of as to whether they are present in SAP or not you try to do a configuration of those processes, and along with the BPO(Business process owner he is the clients employee who knows about the clients business processes probably a middle management guy, ther can more than one), BPO involvement is required as he may be able to tell you his requirements better. Once you do the business modelling you will also be made aware of the gaps between as-is and to-be , here decisons have to be made as to wether a ABAP development/system modification is required or not and so on. Involve the BPO as much as possible and document everything it is good practice do not be lazy about it.
Business blueprint: Here the as-is and to-be and gap analysis is explained. This is the document that you will be using to do your configuration in the realization phase.
Realization phase: Here you do the configuration in the development server (there are three clients -development,quality, production). You also decide on the master data format, so that BPO can go collect the master data. You also gove ABAP specifications for forms, reports etc, system modifications etc. Unit testing: Your BPOs and a few key users sit down and test your configuration in your module only. It is good to test the BDCs that you need for uploading data at this stage so you have more realistic data and your BDCs are tested.
Integration testing: Once all modules unit testing is over then the configuration is trasported to the Quality server, where testing for all the modules is done by BPOs and end user, this is to check if any problems are there in integration between various modules. Once all is okay from the QA server config is transported to the production server.
Go live preparation Data uploading: The collected master data is checked and the uploaded into production server(sever and client I have used interchangeably). Now you are ready for go live i.e. users can now use the production server.
ASAP methodoligy means nothing but standard process for implementation of SAP, It consists of 5 phases.
1. Project preperation - consists of identifying team members and developing strategy as how to go.
2. Business Blue print - consists of identifying the client current process, reqeirement and how SAP provides solution. Consists of detailed documentaion
3. Realization -The purpose of this phase is to implement all the business and process requirements based on the Business Blueprint.
4. Final Preparation - The purpose of this phase is to complete testing, end-user training,
5. Go Live and Support
All the functinal consultatns need good rapo with Abapers. right from uploading of legacy data, devoloping customised reports, BDC's, Forms etc, here functinal consultatns need to give guidence as to get the requried data for reports and all.. like the table name, fields etc
What is baseline configuration in sap?
Base line and Final config is the third phase in ASAP methadology. The purpose of this phase is to implement all the business & process requirements based on business blue print. You customize the system step by step in 2 work packages: Base Line Configuration & Final Configuration.
- Base Line Configuration: this phase comprises the priority requirements of the enterprise, ensuring that they can be implemented quickly. This phase can be completed without programming or enhancements to SAP systems. - Final Configuration: in this phase you confirm that all your requirements are met in the R/3 system. Final configuration is a transportation process that expands that base line solution.
ASAP: Accelerated Systems Application and Products in Data Processing
All implementation projects have the the following phases:
Scoping - What is to be implemented i.e. which submodules are to be implemented some clients may not require credit management for example. Look at the project scope document carefully it will tell you what SAP sub-modules in SAP you should be prepared for. Usually the sales people along with project manager do it.
As is - Here you understand the existing business processes of the client . Your BPOcollect all the ISO-documentation (if client is ISO certified), reports and forms at this stage and you analyse how and when the reports/forms are generated, where the data is coming from. You also do a Level -2 training for your BPO so he is made aware of all the required transactions in SAP.
Once this is over BPO can start learning with the consultants help more about SAP. This is crucial because if you miss out any transactions the BPO may forget about some of his Business processes which may come up later. It is a good practice to ask the BPO to make flow charts to explain business processes.
To-Be - Parallely you map these processes to SAP. Processes that you are not sure of as to whether they are present in SAP or not you try to do a configuration of those processes, and along with the BPO(Business process owner he is the clients employee who knows about the clients business processes probably a middle management guy, ther can more than one), BPO involvement is required as he may be able to tell you his requirements better. Once you do the business modelling you will also be made aware of the gaps between as-is and to-be , here decisons have to be made as to wether a ABAP development/system modification is required or not and so on. Involve the BPO as much as possible and document everything it is good practice do not be lazy about it.
Business blueprint: Here the as-is and to-be and gap analysis is explained. This is the document that you will be using to do your configuration in the realization phase.
Realization phase: Here you do the configuration in the development server (there are three clients -development,quality, production). You also decide on the master data format, so that BPO can go collect the master data. You also gove ABAP specifications for forms, reports etc, system modifications etc. Unit testing: Your BPOs and a few key users sit down and test your configuration in your module only. It is good to test the BDCs that you need for uploading data at this stage so you have more realistic data and your BDCs are tested.
Integration testing: Once all modules unit testing is over then the configuration is trasported to the Quality server, where testing for all the modules is done by BPOs and end user, this is to check if any problems are there in integration between various modules. Once all is okay from the QA server config is transported to the production server.
Go live preparation Data uploading: The collected master data is checked and the uploaded into production server(sever and client I have used interchangeably). Now you are ready for go live i.e. users can now use the production server.
ASAP methodoligy means nothing but standard process for implementation of SAP, It consists of 5 phases.
1. Project preperation - consists of identifying team members and developing strategy as how to go.
2. Business Blue print - consists of identifying the client current process, reqeirement and how SAP provides solution. Consists of detailed documentaion
3. Realization -The purpose of this phase is to implement all the business and process requirements based on the Business Blueprint.
4. Final Preparation - The purpose of this phase is to complete testing, end-user training,
5. Go Live and Support
All the functinal consultatns need good rapo with Abapers. right from uploading of legacy data, devoloping customised reports, BDC's, Forms etc, here functinal consultatns need to give guidence as to get the requried data for reports and all.. like the table name, fields etc
What is baseline configuration in sap?
Base line and Final config is the third phase in ASAP methadology. The purpose of this phase is to implement all the business & process requirements based on business blue print. You customize the system step by step in 2 work packages: Base Line Configuration & Final Configuration.
- Base Line Configuration: this phase comprises the priority requirements of the enterprise, ensuring that they can be implemented quickly. This phase can be completed without programming or enhancements to SAP systems. - Final Configuration: in this phase you confirm that all your requirements are met in the R/3 system. Final configuration is a transportation process that expands that base line solution.
SOME SAP TERMS
Some SAP Terms:-
Client type : Organization or group
default client 000
Company code : A company code is the smallest organizational unit for which has a complete self-contained set of accounts.
Plant : A plant is an organizational unit within a company that produces materials to make goods and renders services.
Storage Location : A storage location is an organizational unit that allows the differentiation of material stocks within a plant.
Sales Organization : A sales organization is an organizational unit that sells and distributes products, negotiates terms of sales, and is responsible for these transactions.
Distribution Channel : Is a channel through which materials or services reach customers.
Division : Is a product group that can be defined for a wide ranging spectrum of products.
Moving Average Price : Price that changes in consequence of goods movements at the entry of invoices and which is used for valuating a material. The moving a average price is calculated by dividing the values of the material by the quantity of the material in stock. It is recalculated automatically by the system after each goods movement or invoice entry. Standard Costs : Constant price with which a material is valuated, without taking into account goods movements and invoices.
Client type : Organization or group
default client 000
Company code : A company code is the smallest organizational unit for which has a complete self-contained set of accounts.
Plant : A plant is an organizational unit within a company that produces materials to make goods and renders services.
Storage Location : A storage location is an organizational unit that allows the differentiation of material stocks within a plant.
Sales Organization : A sales organization is an organizational unit that sells and distributes products, negotiates terms of sales, and is responsible for these transactions.
Distribution Channel : Is a channel through which materials or services reach customers.
Division : Is a product group that can be defined for a wide ranging spectrum of products.
Moving Average Price : Price that changes in consequence of goods movements at the entry of invoices and which is used for valuating a material. The moving a average price is calculated by dividing the values of the material by the quantity of the material in stock. It is recalculated automatically by the system after each goods movement or invoice entry. Standard Costs : Constant price with which a material is valuated, without taking into account goods movements and invoices.
SAP BASICS FEATURE
SAP Basics Feature:-
Configuration of the SAP modules
Transaction SPRO - this is the main tree for all the configuration.
Function Key:-
F1 - Help
F4 - Possible entries or matchcode for the field you are accessing
F5 - Selection screen
F7 - Previous screen
F8 - Next screen
F9 - Technical info
CTRL+X - Cut
CTRL+C - Copy
CTRL+V -
Navigation:-
/n Skip to the next record if you are processing one batch input session
/bend Cancel a batch input foreground process
/nend Close all R/3 sessions and logoff
/nxxx x Call the transaction xxxx in the same session
/o Generate a session list
/oxxx x Call the transaction xxxx in an additional session
/i Delete the current session
/h Turn the debug mode on
/$tab Reset all buffers (for System Administrators)
/$syn c Synchronize instances buffers (for System Administrators) In 4.x, you can have long SAP transaction code up to a maximum of 20 character.
What is the difference between configuration and customisation?
In a nut shell, customization is done when the client's requirement cannot be mapped with SAP standards. Here you will have to take the help of ABAPers to develop the programs/change the program codes in order to match the clients business requirements
Configuration is done with out any developed programs
Configuration of the SAP modules
Transaction SPRO - this is the main tree for all the configuration.
Function Key:-
F1 - Help
F4 - Possible entries or matchcode for the field you are accessing
F5 - Selection screen
F7 - Previous screen
F8 - Next screen
F9 - Technical info
CTRL+X - Cut
CTRL+C - Copy
CTRL+V -
Navigation:-
/n Skip to the next record if you are processing one batch input session
/bend Cancel a batch input foreground process
/nend Close all R/3 sessions and logoff
/nxxx x Call the transaction xxxx in the same session
/o Generate a session list
/oxxx x Call the transaction xxxx in an additional session
/i Delete the current session
/h Turn the debug mode on
/$tab Reset all buffers (for System Administrators)
/$syn c Synchronize instances buffers (for System Administrators) In 4.x, you can have long SAP transaction code up to a maximum of 20 character.
What is the difference between configuration and customisation?
In a nut shell, customization is done when the client's requirement cannot be mapped with SAP standards. Here you will have to take the help of ABAPers to develop the programs/change the program codes in order to match the clients business requirements
Configuration is done with out any developed programs
WHAT IS SAP?????
What is SAP?
The name SAP is acronym for Systems, Applications and Products in Data Processing. SAP is an extremely complicated system where no one individual can understand all of it.
SAP runs on a fourth generation programming language language called Advance Business Application Programming (ABAP). It have many of the features of other modern programming languages such as the familiar C, Visual Basic, and Power Builder. Your programs name conventions begins with a letter yxxx or zxxx.
SAP graphical user interfaces (SAPGUI) runs on Windows / NT / Unix / AS400. When you are using 3.x you can used the SAPGUI 4.x, there are no conflicts as the SAPGUI is basically a front end tools.
If you create dialog screen, remembers to tick Development Tools (utility programs for the Screen Painter) when you are installing SAPGUI 4.x.
In SAPGUI 4.x, you can configure whether to use the present 3.x screen design or the New 4.x Visual design (which is very graphical and computer resource hungry).
Disable the login image to reduce the memory usage. In transaction SM30, table SSM_CUST, create a new entries with Name HIDE_START_IMAGE and Value to be set YES.
SAP have move towards the Windows Explorer Screen Format (all the Menu on the left of your screen
SAP is an enterprise resource planning (ERP) software product capable of integrating multiple business applications, with each application representing a specific business area. These applications update and process transactions in real time mode. It has the ability to be configured to meets the needs of the business.
SAP are categorized into 3 core functional areas:-
Logistics:-
Sales and Distribution (SD)
Material Management (MM)
Warehouse Management (WM)
Production Planning (PP)
General Logistics (LO)
Quality Management (QM)
Financial :-
Financial Accounting (FI)
Controlling (CO)
Enterprise Controlling (EC)
Investment Management (IM)
Treasury (TR)
Human Resources:-
Personnel Administration (PA)
Personnel Development (PD)
The name SAP is acronym for Systems, Applications and Products in Data Processing. SAP is an extremely complicated system where no one individual can understand all of it.
SAP runs on a fourth generation programming language language called Advance Business Application Programming (ABAP). It have many of the features of other modern programming languages such as the familiar C, Visual Basic, and Power Builder. Your programs name conventions begins with a letter yxxx or zxxx.
SAP graphical user interfaces (SAPGUI) runs on Windows / NT / Unix / AS400. When you are using 3.x you can used the SAPGUI 4.x, there are no conflicts as the SAPGUI is basically a front end tools.
If you create dialog screen, remembers to tick Development Tools (utility programs for the Screen Painter) when you are installing SAPGUI 4.x.
In SAPGUI 4.x, you can configure whether to use the present 3.x screen design or the New 4.x Visual design (which is very graphical and computer resource hungry).
Disable the login image to reduce the memory usage. In transaction SM30, table SSM_CUST, create a new entries with Name HIDE_START_IMAGE and Value to be set YES.
SAP have move towards the Windows Explorer Screen Format (all the Menu on the left of your screen
SAP is an enterprise resource planning (ERP) software product capable of integrating multiple business applications, with each application representing a specific business area. These applications update and process transactions in real time mode. It has the ability to be configured to meets the needs of the business.
SAP are categorized into 3 core functional areas:-
Logistics:-
Sales and Distribution (SD)
Material Management (MM)
Warehouse Management (WM)
Production Planning (PP)
General Logistics (LO)
Quality Management (QM)
Financial :-
Financial Accounting (FI)
Controlling (CO)
Enterprise Controlling (EC)
Investment Management (IM)
Treasury (TR)
Human Resources:-
Personnel Administration (PA)
Personnel Development (PD)
Wednesday, July 23, 2008
Friday, July 18, 2008
DISK PARTITION
What is a hard disk partition?
A hard disk partition is a defined storage space on a hard drive.
Most operating systems allow users to divide a hard disk into multiple partitions, in effect maaking one physical hard disk into several smaller logical hard disks.
Reasons to Use Hard Disk Partitions:-
A user may decide to split a hard disk into multiple partitions in order to organize his data more effectively. On Microsoft Windows machines, it is common to store the OS and applications on one hard disk partition and user data on another hard disk partition. When a problem occurs with Microsoft Windows, the OS partition can be completely formatted and reinstalled without affecting the data partition.
A user may decide to split a hard disk into multiple partitions because smaller partitions often have smaller cluster sizes. A cluster size is the smallest chunk of data which a partition can store. A large partition might have a cluster size of 16KB. This mens that a file with one character in it will occupy 16KB of space on the disk. In a smaller partition, that file might only require 4KB to store. This is a useful strategy if you are storing a large number of small files.
A user may have to split a large hard disk into multiple partitions if the hard disk is larger than the partition size supported by the operating system.
Creating Hard Disk Partitions
Most operating system use the `fdisk` command to create hard disk partitions. Many ooperating systems also have graphical tools which accomplish the same task.
Hard Disk Partitions and File Systems
You don't actually store data in hard disk partitions.
You store file systems in hard disk partitions and then you store data in these file systems.
Some operating systems blur the lines between partitions and filesystems.
The Partition Table
Partition information is stored in the partition table, a reserved area at the beginning of a hard disk.
Extended Partitions
A standard partition table is only able to store information about four partitions. At one time this meant that a hard disk could have a maximum of four partitions.
To work around this limitation, extended partitions were created.
An extended partition stores information about other partitions. By using an extended partition, you can create many more than four partitions on your hard disk.
The four standard partitions are often called the primary partitions.
Partitions configured into an extended partition are often referred to as logical partitions.
Partition Types
When a partition is created, a special byte of data is written to record what type of partition it is.
Because one hard disk may be shared by multiple operating systems, operating systems tend to agree on the meaning of these values.The table below lists some of the partition types in use.
Partition Number
Partition Type
00 Empty
01 DOS 12-bit FAT
02 XENIX root
03 XENIX usr
04 DOS 16-bit FAT <=32M
05 DOS Extended Partition
06 DOS 16-bit FAT >=32
07 OS/2 HPFS, WinNT NTFS
08 AIX
09 AIX bootable
0a OS/2 Boot Manager
0b Win95 FAT32
0c Win95 FAT32 (LBA)
0e Win95 FAT16 (LBA)
0f Win95 Extended (LBA)
35 OS/2 JFS
39 Plan 9
40 Venix 80286
51 Novell
52 Microport
63 Unix System V, Mach, GNU HURD
64 Novell Netware 286
65 Novell Netware 386
75 PIC/IX
80 MINIX until 1.4a
81 MINUX, Linux
82 Solaris X86, Linux swap
83 Linux native
85 Linux extended
93 Amoeba
94 Amoeba BBT
a5 FreeBSD, NetBSD, BSD/386, 386BSD
a6 OpenBSD
a7 NEXTSTEP
b7 BSDI BSD/386 filesystem
b8 BSDI BSD/386 swap
be Solaris 8 bootable
bf Solaris x86
c7 Syrinx
db CP/M
e1 OS access
e3 DOS R/O
eb BeOS BFS
fb VMWare filesystem
fc VMWare swap
f2 DOS secondary
ff Xenix Bad Block Table
A hard disk partition is a defined storage space on a hard drive.
Most operating systems allow users to divide a hard disk into multiple partitions, in effect maaking one physical hard disk into several smaller logical hard disks.
Reasons to Use Hard Disk Partitions:-
A user may decide to split a hard disk into multiple partitions in order to organize his data more effectively. On Microsoft Windows machines, it is common to store the OS and applications on one hard disk partition and user data on another hard disk partition. When a problem occurs with Microsoft Windows, the OS partition can be completely formatted and reinstalled without affecting the data partition.
A user may decide to split a hard disk into multiple partitions because smaller partitions often have smaller cluster sizes. A cluster size is the smallest chunk of data which a partition can store. A large partition might have a cluster size of 16KB. This mens that a file with one character in it will occupy 16KB of space on the disk. In a smaller partition, that file might only require 4KB to store. This is a useful strategy if you are storing a large number of small files.
A user may have to split a large hard disk into multiple partitions if the hard disk is larger than the partition size supported by the operating system.
Creating Hard Disk Partitions
Most operating system use the `fdisk` command to create hard disk partitions. Many ooperating systems also have graphical tools which accomplish the same task.
Hard Disk Partitions and File Systems
You don't actually store data in hard disk partitions.
You store file systems in hard disk partitions and then you store data in these file systems.
Some operating systems blur the lines between partitions and filesystems.
The Partition Table
Partition information is stored in the partition table, a reserved area at the beginning of a hard disk.
Extended Partitions
A standard partition table is only able to store information about four partitions. At one time this meant that a hard disk could have a maximum of four partitions.
To work around this limitation, extended partitions were created.
An extended partition stores information about other partitions. By using an extended partition, you can create many more than four partitions on your hard disk.
The four standard partitions are often called the primary partitions.
Partitions configured into an extended partition are often referred to as logical partitions.
Partition Types
When a partition is created, a special byte of data is written to record what type of partition it is.
Because one hard disk may be shared by multiple operating systems, operating systems tend to agree on the meaning of these values.The table below lists some of the partition types in use.
Partition Number
Partition Type
00 Empty
01 DOS 12-bit FAT
02 XENIX root
03 XENIX usr
04 DOS 16-bit FAT <=32M
05 DOS Extended Partition
06 DOS 16-bit FAT >=32
07 OS/2 HPFS, WinNT NTFS
08 AIX
09 AIX bootable
0a OS/2 Boot Manager
0b Win95 FAT32
0c Win95 FAT32 (LBA)
0e Win95 FAT16 (LBA)
0f Win95 Extended (LBA)
35 OS/2 JFS
39 Plan 9
40 Venix 80286
51 Novell
52 Microport
63 Unix System V, Mach, GNU HURD
64 Novell Netware 286
65 Novell Netware 386
75 PIC/IX
80 MINIX until 1.4a
81 MINUX, Linux
82 Solaris X86, Linux swap
83 Linux native
85 Linux extended
93 Amoeba
94 Amoeba BBT
a5 FreeBSD, NetBSD, BSD/386, 386BSD
a6 OpenBSD
a7 NEXTSTEP
b7 BSDI BSD/386 filesystem
b8 BSDI BSD/386 swap
be Solaris 8 bootable
bf Solaris x86
c7 Syrinx
db CP/M
e1 OS access
e3 DOS R/O
eb BeOS BFS
fb VMWare filesystem
fc VMWare swap
f2 DOS secondary
ff Xenix Bad Block Table
ON LINE DATA STORAGE
What is Online Data Storage?
Online data storage, also known as Internet data storage, is a technology which allows people to store their data in the Internet. With broadband speeds becoming faster and bandwidth pricing dropping every year, more people are interested in purchasing online data storage. Online data storage not only provides an additional flexible source for storing data but also acts as a backup mechanism and provides an effective method of sharing data with others.
This is the reason why Internet data storage is increasingly popular even as the costs of physical local storage devices - such as hard drives, CD-R, and tape backups - are coming down by the day. Another advantage of online data storage is that it is easy to expand. Whenever you reach the maximum capacity limit, you can simply purchase additional space for storage. There is no need for you to purchase and install additional storage hardware.
With online data storage, the user can access data from any location with a computer and Internet connection. This s convenient for businesses and home computer users alike. Businesses that use online data storage can password protect access to business files, while home computer users can use it for something as simple as sharing photos, music, or videos with their family members.
Another noted advantage of online data storage is data backup. Computers are susceptible to hard drive crashes or virus attacks. Hence taking data backups frequently would be a safe way to protect your data from getting lost forever. However, it should be kept in mind that backup data must be stored in some other place other than the same computer or the same physical location. To do so, there is no better an option than online data storage.
There are several types of online data storage. If the user is looking for storage space for some non-sensitive data, then the basic online storage is an ideal one. On the other hand, for sensitive data, additional security may be required - such as data encryption or two-factor authentication. In such cases, online vendors typically use strong encryption technologies to keep user's data safe and secure during transmission over the Internet.
Nowadays there are several vendors offering online data storage facilities. Users typically pay fees based upon the amount of space they need. Generally online data storage vendors feature a fully managed and secure solution with 24x7 technical support and monitoring. Further almost all Internet data storage services are secure and password protected. Some vendors provide an additional measure of security by providing users with a password token, which automatically generates passwords using two factor authentication.
Online data storage, also known as Internet data storage, is a technology which allows people to store their data in the Internet. With broadband speeds becoming faster and bandwidth pricing dropping every year, more people are interested in purchasing online data storage. Online data storage not only provides an additional flexible source for storing data but also acts as a backup mechanism and provides an effective method of sharing data with others.
This is the reason why Internet data storage is increasingly popular even as the costs of physical local storage devices - such as hard drives, CD-R, and tape backups - are coming down by the day. Another advantage of online data storage is that it is easy to expand. Whenever you reach the maximum capacity limit, you can simply purchase additional space for storage. There is no need for you to purchase and install additional storage hardware.
With online data storage, the user can access data from any location with a computer and Internet connection. This s convenient for businesses and home computer users alike. Businesses that use online data storage can password protect access to business files, while home computer users can use it for something as simple as sharing photos, music, or videos with their family members.
Another noted advantage of online data storage is data backup. Computers are susceptible to hard drive crashes or virus attacks. Hence taking data backups frequently would be a safe way to protect your data from getting lost forever. However, it should be kept in mind that backup data must be stored in some other place other than the same computer or the same physical location. To do so, there is no better an option than online data storage.
There are several types of online data storage. If the user is looking for storage space for some non-sensitive data, then the basic online storage is an ideal one. On the other hand, for sensitive data, additional security may be required - such as data encryption or two-factor authentication. In such cases, online vendors typically use strong encryption technologies to keep user's data safe and secure during transmission over the Internet.
Nowadays there are several vendors offering online data storage facilities. Users typically pay fees based upon the amount of space they need. Generally online data storage vendors feature a fully managed and secure solution with 24x7 technical support and monitoring. Further almost all Internet data storage services are secure and password protected. Some vendors provide an additional measure of security by providing users with a password token, which automatically generates passwords using two factor authentication.
BASICS OF MIRRORING
What is mirroring?
Mirroring is the automated process of writing data to two drives simulteneously. Mirroring is used to provide redundancy.
If one drive fails, the redundant drive will continue to store the data and provide access to it. The failed drive can then be replaced and the drive set can be re-mirrored.
Mirroring is used in RAID Level 1.
Software Mirroring vs. Hardware Mirroring
Disk mirroring can be implemented entirely in software. Software mirroring can be less expensive, but it is also slower. Software mirroring requires the host computer to write the mirrored data twice.
Disk mirroring can be implemented in hardware on the host I/O controller. The burden of writing each bit of data twice is placed upon the I/O controller, which is specifically designed for it.
Disk mirroring can also be implemented in hardware on an external storage device, such as a RAID array. In this case, mirroring is completely removed from the hosts responsibility.
Hot Swappable Hardware
If the hardware is hot swappable, it is possible to replace a failed disk without powering off the computer. You take out the old drive and put in the new drive with no service outage.
If the hardware does not support hot-swap, you must schedule a service outage, shut down and power-off the system, and then replace the drive.
Mirroring vs. Duplexing
Mirroring is the technique of using redundant disks. Duplexing is mirroring, with the addition of redundant host I/O controllers.
If you are using mirroring and your host I/O controller fails, you will not be able to access your data until you replace the host I/O controller. With duplexing, your data will still be available through the redundant controller.
Mirroring is the automated process of writing data to two drives simulteneously. Mirroring is used to provide redundancy.
If one drive fails, the redundant drive will continue to store the data and provide access to it. The failed drive can then be replaced and the drive set can be re-mirrored.
Mirroring is used in RAID Level 1.
Software Mirroring vs. Hardware Mirroring
Disk mirroring can be implemented entirely in software. Software mirroring can be less expensive, but it is also slower. Software mirroring requires the host computer to write the mirrored data twice.
Disk mirroring can be implemented in hardware on the host I/O controller. The burden of writing each bit of data twice is placed upon the I/O controller, which is specifically designed for it.
Disk mirroring can also be implemented in hardware on an external storage device, such as a RAID array. In this case, mirroring is completely removed from the hosts responsibility.
Hot Swappable Hardware
If the hardware is hot swappable, it is possible to replace a failed disk without powering off the computer. You take out the old drive and put in the new drive with no service outage.
If the hardware does not support hot-swap, you must schedule a service outage, shut down and power-off the system, and then replace the drive.
Mirroring vs. Duplexing
Mirroring is the technique of using redundant disks. Duplexing is mirroring, with the addition of redundant host I/O controllers.
If you are using mirroring and your host I/O controller fails, you will not be able to access your data until you replace the host I/O controller. With duplexing, your data will still be available through the redundant controller.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DOS AND LINUX
The Basics:-
Comparing DOS & Windows to Linux
Despite what some folks will tell you, there is a lot of superficial similarity between DOS and Linux, and also between MS Windows and the X Window System. We can leverage the knowledge we already have to get up and running faster in Linux.
What's The Same?
Hierarchical Directory Structure: DOS, Windows, and Linux all store information in files which are organized into directories (also called folders). Directories may contain files and other directories. Although, the commands differ, files and directories can be created, deleted, renamed, copied, moved and listed from the command prompt.
Start a program by typing its name at the command prompt.
Windows can be minimized, maximized, closed using buttons or menus.
What's Different?
Here are some major points you need to know:
Linux is Case Sensitive!: To Linux, a capital letter is NOT the same as a lower case letter. The file Junk.txt is NOT the same file as junk.txt. Watch this carefully! It will cause you monstrous headaches!
Linux is quiet: If a command succeeds, it will just drop you back at the command prompt without a status message. This can be confusing to new users.
Linux does not confirm anything: In DOS or Windows, if you try to delete a file or folder it will ask for confirmation ("Are you sure you want to do that?"). Linux won't ask, it'll just do it. This makes it very easy to accidentally destroy a file, or the entire file system. Be SURE of what you type!
Slashes: Linux uses a forward slash (/) wherever DOS would use a backslash (\). Linux uses a dash (-) to indicate command switches where DOS would use a slash (/).
Search Path: DOS always checks the current directory first, then looks at the PATH environment variable. Linux never looks in the current directory but searches only the directories listed in PATH. To run a program in the current directory you have to type ./ before it.
Comparing DOS & Windows to Linux
Despite what some folks will tell you, there is a lot of superficial similarity between DOS and Linux, and also between MS Windows and the X Window System. We can leverage the knowledge we already have to get up and running faster in Linux.
What's The Same?
Hierarchical Directory Structure: DOS, Windows, and Linux all store information in files which are organized into directories (also called folders). Directories may contain files and other directories. Although, the commands differ, files and directories can be created, deleted, renamed, copied, moved and listed from the command prompt.
Start a program by typing its name at the command prompt.
Windows can be minimized, maximized, closed using buttons or menus.
What's Different?
Here are some major points you need to know:
Linux is Case Sensitive!: To Linux, a capital letter is NOT the same as a lower case letter. The file Junk.txt is NOT the same file as junk.txt. Watch this carefully! It will cause you monstrous headaches!
Linux is quiet: If a command succeeds, it will just drop you back at the command prompt without a status message. This can be confusing to new users.
Linux does not confirm anything: In DOS or Windows, if you try to delete a file or folder it will ask for confirmation ("Are you sure you want to do that?"). Linux won't ask, it'll just do it. This makes it very easy to accidentally destroy a file, or the entire file system. Be SURE of what you type!
Slashes: Linux uses a forward slash (/) wherever DOS would use a backslash (\). Linux uses a dash (-) to indicate command switches where DOS would use a slash (/).
Search Path: DOS always checks the current directory first, then looks at the PATH environment variable. Linux never looks in the current directory but searches only the directories listed in PATH. To run a program in the current directory you have to type ./ before it.
RESPONSIBILITY OF A SYSTEMADMINISTRATOR
Responsibilities of the Primary System Administrator
The responsibilities of the primary system administrator are defined in the current job description for the position.? However, in this section we will outline the major areas of responsibility, as well as, some of the necessary daily responsibilities borne by the primary system administrator.
Overview
The primary system administrator of the Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology (CCB) LAN is ostensibly the ?owner? of the CCB LAN.? The primary system administrator takes ownership and responsibility for all technical, planning, operational and security issues concerning the LAN.? This includes, but is not limited to the servers, workstations, network cabling and network hardware.? The primary system administrator is also the primary contact for account holders on the CCB LAN who are in need of technical support.
Planning Responsibilities
It is the responsibility of the primary system administrator to maintain the LAN in ?state of the art? condition.? Toward that end, the primary system administrator is routinely expected to assess the quality and reliability of existing hardware, software, operating systems and network components that comprise the LAN, and make recommendations for upgrade or replacement where necessary.
Daily Operational Responsibilities
The primary system administrator has a myriad of responsibilities that must be attended to on a regular basis.? The following are some of the more critical items:
1-Server backups ? The primary system administrator is responsible for conducting and verifying the validity of daily tape backups of the servers.? This process is described in more detail in the section entitled ?Tape Backup Procedures?.
2- Electronic Mail ? The primary system administrator is to ensure that the electronic mail capabilities of the server are operational at peak performance at all times.
3-User Support ? The primary system administrator represents the ?first line of support? for account holders on the CCB LAN.? In situations where the primary system administrator cannot readily answer technical questions or solve technical problems, it is his/her responsibility to use all available technical resources to discover and relate a solution back to the user.
4-Network Monitoring ? The primary system administrator is responsible for monitoring the state of the network and general network throughput.? Any serious degradation in performance of the network should be diagnosed to the extent possible.? All unresolved network problems should be reported immediately to the RUCS-TD Network Operation Center at (732) 445-2351.
5-Security ? The primary system administrator also acts as the security officer for the CCB LAN.? It is his/her responsibility to investigate and resolve unsuccessful login attempts, intruder detection lockouts and compromised passwords.
The responsibilities of the primary system administrator are defined in the current job description for the position.? However, in this section we will outline the major areas of responsibility, as well as, some of the necessary daily responsibilities borne by the primary system administrator.
Overview
The primary system administrator of the Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology (CCB) LAN is ostensibly the ?owner? of the CCB LAN.? The primary system administrator takes ownership and responsibility for all technical, planning, operational and security issues concerning the LAN.? This includes, but is not limited to the servers, workstations, network cabling and network hardware.? The primary system administrator is also the primary contact for account holders on the CCB LAN who are in need of technical support.
Planning Responsibilities
It is the responsibility of the primary system administrator to maintain the LAN in ?state of the art? condition.? Toward that end, the primary system administrator is routinely expected to assess the quality and reliability of existing hardware, software, operating systems and network components that comprise the LAN, and make recommendations for upgrade or replacement where necessary.
Daily Operational Responsibilities
The primary system administrator has a myriad of responsibilities that must be attended to on a regular basis.? The following are some of the more critical items:
1-Server backups ? The primary system administrator is responsible for conducting and verifying the validity of daily tape backups of the servers.? This process is described in more detail in the section entitled ?Tape Backup Procedures?.
2- Electronic Mail ? The primary system administrator is to ensure that the electronic mail capabilities of the server are operational at peak performance at all times.
3-User Support ? The primary system administrator represents the ?first line of support? for account holders on the CCB LAN.? In situations where the primary system administrator cannot readily answer technical questions or solve technical problems, it is his/her responsibility to use all available technical resources to discover and relate a solution back to the user.
4-Network Monitoring ? The primary system administrator is responsible for monitoring the state of the network and general network throughput.? Any serious degradation in performance of the network should be diagnosed to the extent possible.? All unresolved network problems should be reported immediately to the RUCS-TD Network Operation Center at (732) 445-2351.
5-Security ? The primary system administrator also acts as the security officer for the CCB LAN.? It is his/her responsibility to investigate and resolve unsuccessful login attempts, intruder detection lockouts and compromised passwords.
Wednesday, July 16, 2008
SMALL HISTORY OF SUN MICROSYSTEM
Sun Microsystems: A brief history:-
Sun Microsystems developed the Java programming language to run on any type of computer.
But Microsoft was accused of taking Java products and tweeking them so they ran better on its Windows operating system.
Microsoft defended its move, saying it had merely adapted Java to make sure it worked well with Windows.
But during the trial, an e-mail from Microsoft boss Bill Gates was presented, containing the line "Do we have a clear plan on what we want Apple to do to undermine Sun?"
Sun Microsystems has overcome those difficulties, gaining some powerful friends in its internet age development.
Scott McNealy, chief executive of the company founded in 1982, is a big opponent of Microsoft being broken up.
Intellectual rights:-
At the Telecom 99 conference last year he said: "I think break-up is the wrong remedy to do up front. If it's a last resort, yes, if there are no other competitors then break them up.
"But we're still there, Oracle's still there, Novell's still there. If you only have Ma Bell, then create baby Bells.
"If you have other competitors you shouldn't be creating Baby Bells."
His preferred result was for Microsoft to be prevented from making investments in other companies to obtain intellectual property.
"If they hadn't been able to go out and buy Internet Explorer (from Mosaic) and had to develop their own browser technology, maybe they wouldn't have been able to take Netscape out," he gave as one example.
Quadrupled value:-
Sun Microsystems has got itself some powerful friends, especially its three year alliance with America Online, agreed at the same time as AOL's purchase of Netscape in 1998.
The companies are working together to develop next generation internet device.
The company seems well placed for future growth, as its software and network operations are used by many of the growing web companies.
It has also been investing in and developing a range of Linux products.
Its value has more than quadrupled in the past year, with its market worth topping $135bn at the start of February 2000.
Sun Microsystems developed the Java programming language to run on any type of computer.
But Microsoft was accused of taking Java products and tweeking them so they ran better on its Windows operating system.
Microsoft defended its move, saying it had merely adapted Java to make sure it worked well with Windows.
But during the trial, an e-mail from Microsoft boss Bill Gates was presented, containing the line "Do we have a clear plan on what we want Apple to do to undermine Sun?"
Sun Microsystems has overcome those difficulties, gaining some powerful friends in its internet age development.
Scott McNealy, chief executive of the company founded in 1982, is a big opponent of Microsoft being broken up.
Intellectual rights:-
At the Telecom 99 conference last year he said: "I think break-up is the wrong remedy to do up front. If it's a last resort, yes, if there are no other competitors then break them up.
"But we're still there, Oracle's still there, Novell's still there. If you only have Ma Bell, then create baby Bells.
"If you have other competitors you shouldn't be creating Baby Bells."
His preferred result was for Microsoft to be prevented from making investments in other companies to obtain intellectual property.
"If they hadn't been able to go out and buy Internet Explorer (from Mosaic) and had to develop their own browser technology, maybe they wouldn't have been able to take Netscape out," he gave as one example.
Quadrupled value:-
Sun Microsystems has got itself some powerful friends, especially its three year alliance with America Online, agreed at the same time as AOL's purchase of Netscape in 1998.
The companies are working together to develop next generation internet device.
The company seems well placed for future growth, as its software and network operations are used by many of the growing web companies.
It has also been investing in and developing a range of Linux products.
Its value has more than quadrupled in the past year, with its market worth topping $135bn at the start of February 2000.
PREPARING FOR INTERVIEW?????
Interview questions and best responses:-
Attending an interview for a job you really want can be a nerve wrecking experience especially if you are unprepared. Luckily, Jobsite have created a list of typical interview questions and best responses so you need worry no longer!
The Basics:-
1. Tell me about yourself:-
Keep your answer to one or two minutes; don't ramble.
Do not go back to childhood experiences; just give a brief outline of where you are from and where you want to be going.
Use your CV introduction as a starting base.
Say only positive statements
2. What do you know about our company?
Show that you have done your research. Know what their products are, how big the company is, roughly what their annual revenue is, what reputation it has within the industry and on the street. Know the company's history, image, goal, and philosophy.
Project an informed interest which allows the interviewer to tell you some more detailed aspects about the company.
3. Why do you want to work for us?
Don't talk about what you want; first talk about their needs and what you can do for them.You wish to be part of their company: identify its strengths. You relish the challenge of solving their company problem/s. You can make a definite contribution to specific company goals.
4. What would you do for us? What can you do for us that someone else can't?
Talk about successful past experience where you have helped an employer solve a problem and relate this to the job being offered. Stay positive and don't be seen to criticize other candidates.
5. Which aspects of our position do you find the most attractive? Least attractive?
List three or more attractive factors and only one, minor unattractive factor. Aspects to pick up on could include; office location, company reputation, the chance to work with esteemed colleagues, training opportunities etc.
6. Why should we hire you?
Because of the knowledge, experience, abilities, and skills you possess. Be very positive and confident in your reply, not vague.
7. What do you look for in a job?
An opportunity to use my skills, to perform and to be recognized. The opportunity to develop further skills; throughout life we should be constantly learning. Relate your answer to the job for which you are applying e.g. "I enjoy a challenge and I believe this position would offer me that."
8. Please give me your definition of a ... (the position for which you are being interviewed).
Keep it brief; actions and results oriented.
9. How long would it take you to make a meaningful contribution to our firm?
Very quickly after a little orientation and a brief period of adjustment.
10. How long would you stay with us?
As long as we both feel I'm contributing, achieving, growing etc.
Management and Experience Questions:-11. What is your management style?
For example 'Management by Coaching and Development (MBCD)' where Managers see themselves primarily as employee trainers. 'Open door' is also a good one.
12. Are you a good manager? Give an example. Why do you feel you have top managerial potential?
Keep your answers achievement and task oriented. Emphasize management skills - planning, organizing, leadership, interpersonal, etc. Describe relevant personal traits.
13. What did you look for when you hired people in the past?
Skills, initiative, adaptability, team players.
14. Did you ever fire anyone? If so, what where the reasons and how did you handle it?
You have had experience with this and it worked out well. Describe how you spoke to the person and explained precisely but tactfully where they were underachieving.
15. What do you see as being the most difficult task in being a manager?
Getting things planned and done on time within the imposed constraints e.g. budget. Do not imply that these are insurmountable difficulties.
16. What is your biggest weakness as a manager?
Be honest but don't dwell on it and end on a positive note. Industry trend questions
17. Why are you leaving your present job?
No longer provides a suitable challenge, time to move on, I wish to move into .…(the area this company specializes in). Give a "group" answer if possible, e.g. our department was consolidated or eliminated.
18. How do you feel about leaving all your benefits?
You feel the challenge and satisfaction this new role will bring outweighs the benefits lost.
19. Describe what you feel to be the perfect working environment.
Where people are treated as fairly and equally as possible. Don't mention 'naked Fridays!'
20. How would you evaluate your present firm?
An excellent company which afforded me many fine experiences.
Quantifying Your Experience and Accomplishments
21. Have you helped increase sales? Profits? How?
Imply that you have done so on many occasions, and then concentrate on describing one in detail. Quote facts and figures.
22. Have you helped reduce costs? How?
Imply that you have done so on many occasions, and then concentrate on describing one in detail. Quote facts and figures.
23. How much money did you ever account for?
Be specific and recount a particular contract with facts and figures.
24. How many people did you supervise on your last job?
Be specific - the more the better, but don't exaggerate.
25. Do you like working with figures more than words?
Be honest but positive. Make it clear that you are confident and comfortable working with both. Don't say "depends on the figures -nudge nudge wink wink!"
26. In your current or last position, what features did you like the most? Least?
Relate your response to what the new job can offer. Don't dwell on the negative aspects.
27. In your current or last position, what are or were your five most significant accomplishments?
You could refer to the key accomplishments already identified in your CV. Keep it brief and use statistics if appropriate. Your work style and habits
28. If I spoke with your previous boss, what would he say are your greatest strengths and weaknesses?
Emphasize skills - don't be overly negative about your weaknesses; it's always safe to identify a lack of a skill or experience as a shortcoming rather than a personal characteristic.
29. Can you work under pressures, deadlines, etc.?
Yes. Quite simply, it is a way of life in business.
30. In your present position, what problems have you identified that had previously been overlooked?
Keep it brief and be sure to say how you overcame the problems.
31. Don't you feel you might be better off in a different size company? Different type company?
Depends on the job - elaborate slightly. Reiterate how your skills, qualifications and previous experience lend themselves itself to the job you are applying for with this company.
32. How do you resolve conflict on a project team?
First you would discuss issues privately and tactfully. If the problem is not resolved then action would need to be taken which, in a severe case, could mean removing a member of the team. You would operate within the company's disciplinary policy.
33. What was the most difficult decision you ever had to make?
Attempt to relate your response to the prospective employment situation. Do not mention trivial issues
Salary questions:-
34. How much are you looking for?
Answer with a question, i.e., "What is the salary range for similar jobs in your company?"
If they don't answer, then give a range of what you understand you are worth in the marketplace. You could also use your current salary as a base and say that you are looking to improve on this but be careful in case that lowers the wage they offer.
35. How much do you expect, if we offer this position to you?
Be careful; the market value of the job may be the key answer e.g., "My understanding is that a job like the one you're describing may be in the range of ....”
36. What kind of salary are you worth?
Have a specific figure in mind... don't be hesitant. Avoid joking and saying that they couldn't afford it!
Personality questions:-
37. What was the last book you read? Movie you saw? Sporting event you attended?
Talk about books, sports or films that represent balance in your life. Stick to something fairly mainstream or classic.
38. How would you describe your own personality?
Balanced. Fair, honest, reliable, friendly, outgoing, etc.
39. What are your strong points?
Present at least three and relate them to the interviewing company and job opening.
Tailor your answer to meet the needs of the employer e.g. "I see myself as a goal-orientated individual who in my previous role achieved above projected results."
40. What are your weak points?
Don't say you haven't any.
Try not to cite personal characteristics as weaknesses, but be ready to have one if the interviewer presses.
Try to transform your response and the question into a strength. "I'm the kind of person who likes challenges and gets involved. Some people may see that as butting in, but I'm sure it could be looked at as a strength because I like to make sure the job gets done correctly."
Attending an interview for a job you really want can be a nerve wrecking experience especially if you are unprepared. Luckily, Jobsite have created a list of typical interview questions and best responses so you need worry no longer!
The Basics:-
1. Tell me about yourself:-
Keep your answer to one or two minutes; don't ramble.
Do not go back to childhood experiences; just give a brief outline of where you are from and where you want to be going.
Use your CV introduction as a starting base.
Say only positive statements
2. What do you know about our company?
Show that you have done your research. Know what their products are, how big the company is, roughly what their annual revenue is, what reputation it has within the industry and on the street. Know the company's history, image, goal, and philosophy.
Project an informed interest which allows the interviewer to tell you some more detailed aspects about the company.
3. Why do you want to work for us?
Don't talk about what you want; first talk about their needs and what you can do for them.You wish to be part of their company: identify its strengths. You relish the challenge of solving their company problem/s. You can make a definite contribution to specific company goals.
4. What would you do for us? What can you do for us that someone else can't?
Talk about successful past experience where you have helped an employer solve a problem and relate this to the job being offered. Stay positive and don't be seen to criticize other candidates.
5. Which aspects of our position do you find the most attractive? Least attractive?
List three or more attractive factors and only one, minor unattractive factor. Aspects to pick up on could include; office location, company reputation, the chance to work with esteemed colleagues, training opportunities etc.
6. Why should we hire you?
Because of the knowledge, experience, abilities, and skills you possess. Be very positive and confident in your reply, not vague.
7. What do you look for in a job?
An opportunity to use my skills, to perform and to be recognized. The opportunity to develop further skills; throughout life we should be constantly learning. Relate your answer to the job for which you are applying e.g. "I enjoy a challenge and I believe this position would offer me that."
8. Please give me your definition of a ... (the position for which you are being interviewed).
Keep it brief; actions and results oriented.
9. How long would it take you to make a meaningful contribution to our firm?
Very quickly after a little orientation and a brief period of adjustment.
10. How long would you stay with us?
As long as we both feel I'm contributing, achieving, growing etc.
Management and Experience Questions:-11. What is your management style?
For example 'Management by Coaching and Development (MBCD)' where Managers see themselves primarily as employee trainers. 'Open door' is also a good one.
12. Are you a good manager? Give an example. Why do you feel you have top managerial potential?
Keep your answers achievement and task oriented. Emphasize management skills - planning, organizing, leadership, interpersonal, etc. Describe relevant personal traits.
13. What did you look for when you hired people in the past?
Skills, initiative, adaptability, team players.
14. Did you ever fire anyone? If so, what where the reasons and how did you handle it?
You have had experience with this and it worked out well. Describe how you spoke to the person and explained precisely but tactfully where they were underachieving.
15. What do you see as being the most difficult task in being a manager?
Getting things planned and done on time within the imposed constraints e.g. budget. Do not imply that these are insurmountable difficulties.
16. What is your biggest weakness as a manager?
Be honest but don't dwell on it and end on a positive note. Industry trend questions
17. Why are you leaving your present job?
No longer provides a suitable challenge, time to move on, I wish to move into .…(the area this company specializes in). Give a "group" answer if possible, e.g. our department was consolidated or eliminated.
18. How do you feel about leaving all your benefits?
You feel the challenge and satisfaction this new role will bring outweighs the benefits lost.
19. Describe what you feel to be the perfect working environment.
Where people are treated as fairly and equally as possible. Don't mention 'naked Fridays!'
20. How would you evaluate your present firm?
An excellent company which afforded me many fine experiences.
Quantifying Your Experience and Accomplishments
21. Have you helped increase sales? Profits? How?
Imply that you have done so on many occasions, and then concentrate on describing one in detail. Quote facts and figures.
22. Have you helped reduce costs? How?
Imply that you have done so on many occasions, and then concentrate on describing one in detail. Quote facts and figures.
23. How much money did you ever account for?
Be specific and recount a particular contract with facts and figures.
24. How many people did you supervise on your last job?
Be specific - the more the better, but don't exaggerate.
25. Do you like working with figures more than words?
Be honest but positive. Make it clear that you are confident and comfortable working with both. Don't say "depends on the figures -nudge nudge wink wink!"
26. In your current or last position, what features did you like the most? Least?
Relate your response to what the new job can offer. Don't dwell on the negative aspects.
27. In your current or last position, what are or were your five most significant accomplishments?
You could refer to the key accomplishments already identified in your CV. Keep it brief and use statistics if appropriate. Your work style and habits
28. If I spoke with your previous boss, what would he say are your greatest strengths and weaknesses?
Emphasize skills - don't be overly negative about your weaknesses; it's always safe to identify a lack of a skill or experience as a shortcoming rather than a personal characteristic.
29. Can you work under pressures, deadlines, etc.?
Yes. Quite simply, it is a way of life in business.
30. In your present position, what problems have you identified that had previously been overlooked?
Keep it brief and be sure to say how you overcame the problems.
31. Don't you feel you might be better off in a different size company? Different type company?
Depends on the job - elaborate slightly. Reiterate how your skills, qualifications and previous experience lend themselves itself to the job you are applying for with this company.
32. How do you resolve conflict on a project team?
First you would discuss issues privately and tactfully. If the problem is not resolved then action would need to be taken which, in a severe case, could mean removing a member of the team. You would operate within the company's disciplinary policy.
33. What was the most difficult decision you ever had to make?
Attempt to relate your response to the prospective employment situation. Do not mention trivial issues
Salary questions:-
34. How much are you looking for?
Answer with a question, i.e., "What is the salary range for similar jobs in your company?"
If they don't answer, then give a range of what you understand you are worth in the marketplace. You could also use your current salary as a base and say that you are looking to improve on this but be careful in case that lowers the wage they offer.
35. How much do you expect, if we offer this position to you?
Be careful; the market value of the job may be the key answer e.g., "My understanding is that a job like the one you're describing may be in the range of ....”
36. What kind of salary are you worth?
Have a specific figure in mind... don't be hesitant. Avoid joking and saying that they couldn't afford it!
Personality questions:-
37. What was the last book you read? Movie you saw? Sporting event you attended?
Talk about books, sports or films that represent balance in your life. Stick to something fairly mainstream or classic.
38. How would you describe your own personality?
Balanced. Fair, honest, reliable, friendly, outgoing, etc.
39. What are your strong points?
Present at least three and relate them to the interviewing company and job opening.
Tailor your answer to meet the needs of the employer e.g. "I see myself as a goal-orientated individual who in my previous role achieved above projected results."
40. What are your weak points?
Don't say you haven't any.
Try not to cite personal characteristics as weaknesses, but be ready to have one if the interviewer presses.
Try to transform your response and the question into a strength. "I'm the kind of person who likes challenges and gets involved. Some people may see that as butting in, but I'm sure it could be looked at as a strength because I like to make sure the job gets done correctly."
Saturday, July 5, 2008
KNOW YOUR GOOGLE IMAGES-2
1-25 YEARS OF TCP/IP
2-MARTIN LUTHER KING JR. DAY
3-50th ANNIVERSERY OF LEGO BRICK
4-LEAP YEAR
5-ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL'S BIRTHDAY
6-PERSIAN NEW YEAR
7-ST. PATRICK'S DAY
8-EARTH DAY
9-MOTHER'S DAY
10-INVENTION OF THE FIRST LASER
11-125th BIRTHDAY OF WALTER GROPIUS
12-WATER DAY
13-VALENTINE'S DAY-1
14-VALENTINE'S DAY-2
2-MARTIN LUTHER KING JR. DAY
3-50th ANNIVERSERY OF LEGO BRICK
4-LEAP YEAR
5-ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL'S BIRTHDAY
6-PERSIAN NEW YEAR
7-ST. PATRICK'S DAY
8-EARTH DAY
9-MOTHER'S DAY
10-INVENTION OF THE FIRST LASER
11-125th BIRTHDAY OF WALTER GROPIUS
12-WATER DAY
13-VALENTINE'S DAY-1
14-VALENTINE'S DAY-2
Friday, July 4, 2008
KNOW YOUR GOOGLE IMAGES-1
1-HALLOWEEN-1
2-HALLOWEEN-2
3-EARTH DAY-1
4-EARTH DAY-2
5-ALFRED HITCHCOCK'S BIRTHDAY
6-DRAGON'S DAY
7-RAY CHARLE'S BIRTHDAY
8-EINSTEIN'S BIRTHDAY
9-MICHELANGELO'S BIRTHDAY
10-DA VINCI'S BIRTHDAY
11-GEORGE'S DAY
12-ST. PATRICK'S DAY
13-NATIONAL LIBRARY DAY
14-WOMEN'S DAY
15-FATHER'S DAY
2-HALLOWEEN-2
3-EARTH DAY-1
4-EARTH DAY-2
5-ALFRED HITCHCOCK'S BIRTHDAY
6-DRAGON'S DAY
7-RAY CHARLE'S BIRTHDAY
8-EINSTEIN'S BIRTHDAY
9-MICHELANGELO'S BIRTHDAY
10-DA VINCI'S BIRTHDAY
11-GEORGE'S DAY
12-ST. PATRICK'S DAY
13-NATIONAL LIBRARY DAY
14-WOMEN'S DAY
15-FATHER'S DAY
PHOTOSHOP-1(BASIC TOOLS)
Tools Palette:-
Move Tool:-
Use to drag layers into their desired position; it will move only the selected layer. (You select a layer by clicking it on the Layers palette). You can also drag and drop between documents or between Photoshop and another application using the Move Tool.
Lasso Tool: freehand/polygon/magnetic:-
Use to select an area of the picture for cutting out layers. Use the Magnetic Lasso Tool for cutting out contrast parts of an image. The Magnetic Lasso works the same way as the Magnetic Pen tool - it draws a path laying fastening points down along the way – the distance apart can be set in the Options bar.
The path will follow the edge of greatest contrast within the brush width area. To reverse an outline, drag back over the outline drawn so far. When you reach a fastening point you can either continue on from there or hit DELETE to reverse your tracks to the fastening point before that. To complete a selection, click on the start point. The Polygon Tool can draw both straight line and freehand selections.
Magic Wand:-
Used to make rough selections based on color. The tolerence setting governs the sensitivity. When you click on an area in the image, Photoshop selects all the ajacent pixels whose color values are within the tolerances ranges specified either side of the selected pixel. You can use the Smoothing option in the Select menu to tidy up a Magic Wand selection. Use this tool only to make rough selections. You are better off using the Select>Color Range option.
Crop Tool:-
Optionally you can use the Width and Height options to specify an exact size in mm, cm or px (pixels). You can also rotate the angle of crop by dragging just outside the crop marquee.
Slicing Tools:-
Used to divide an image up into rectangular sections which will instruct Imageready how to cut up a single image into smaller blocks. You can then specify in ImageReady the settings for each individual slice (file format, compression, etc.)
Healing Brush Tool:-
Great for removing blemishes on skintone. Alt+Click on an area to source from, then click on the blemish; it works by caculating the average difference of the pixels and matching them up. Brush/Pencil Tools Airbrush - Mimics the effect of a real airbrush, producing a spray of paint. Paintbrush - Standard tool for retouching work. Pencil – Produces hard-edged, pencil-like drawing lines. Change the color in the color palette.
Clone Tool/Pattern Stamp:-
Press ALT+Click you select the area you clone from. This ‘source’ will move with you. The clone tool shouldn’t really be used on skin tone; use the Healing Brush Tool for blemishes. You can also of course clone between layers and documents. The clone stamp normally samples from a single layer only. The Use All Layers option permits the clone sample to be taken from merged layers.
History Brush:-
This brush it takes the area of the picture you brush over back to a predefined point that you can set. To set the History point go into the History Palette. On the left of the file name at the top you see the brush icon. This means the History Point is currently set to the the Original opened document. You may want to set this to another point e.g. after you color corrected. To do this click on the box to the left of the point you want. The little brush icon should move to this point.
Eraser Tool:-
The Eraser Tool removes pixels from an image and replaces it with the current background.
Gradient Tool
The Gradient Tool can be used to draw linear, radial, angular or diamond gradients. The dither checkbox should be kept on - this will add subtle noise, ensuring less risk of banding appearing in the gradient fill. You can also customize your own gradients. Gradients can also be applied as a fill layer. Go to the Layers Palette click on the adjustment layer and select Gradient Layer.
Paint Bucket:-
Most useful for filling inside the areas of a mask or quickmask outline. Can also be used for filling with a pattern as well as solid color. Choose the Pattern mode from the options bar and select pattern type.
Focus: blur/sharpen/smudge:-
Use the blur tool instead of the smudge tool to soften an edge. This is just like painting with one of the blur filters, useful for softening outlines after compositing. Use the sharpening tool sparingly.
Toning: dodge/burn/sponge:-
You can select this so the dodge and burn tools affect only the Highlights, Midtones or Shadows. So if you want to darken or burn the shadow portion of an image, choosing the burn tool in shadows mode will enable you to do this. The Sponge Tool has 2 modes – saturate and desaturate. This is useful when converting images from RGB to CMYK and there are small parts of the picture out of gamut. (go View>Gamut Warning). Use the desaturate mode of the Sponge Tool to draw on those areas before converting.
Text Tool:-
After adding text you can change the fonts, apply different colors to all the text or single characters, or enter new text. Layer effects can also be applied.
Pen and Path drawing:-
Paths are useful in several ways: either applying a stroke with one or more paint tools, for saving as a clipped path, or defining as a complex selection shape, which can be converted to a selection or applied to a layer clipping path to mask a layer. The Pen Tool is the professional’s selection tool for large files.
Notes Tool:-
Photoshop allows you to add either text or sound to a file. Annotated documents can be saved in PSD, PDF or TIFF formats. After you add an entry, the text will remain as a small icon floating above the actual image.
Eyedropper Tool:-
The eyedropper samples color values from any open image window and makes that the foreground color. The sample area can be set to Point, 3x3 average or 5x5 average. A 3x3 or 5x5 average may be more representitive of the color value of the pixels as you could be clicking on a ‘noisy’ pixel or some other artefact.
Measure Tool:-
Provides an alternative for measuring distances and angles as well as the standard document rulers. The measure Tool also has a protractor mode – after drawing a meauring line, Alt-click on one of the end points and drap out a second line.
Foreground/Background Colors
The default setting is with black as the foreground and white as the background color.
Overview - Brushes:-
Brush Size:-
The upper size limit is 1x1 pixel to 999x999pixels.
Opacity:-
Basically the strengh of the brush. 100% is full strength, at 30% the effect will be more subtle but will get more noticable each time you brush over the same area.
Hardness:-
This determines if there is any softening to the edge of the brush. If you want a soft edge when cutting out layers turn this down to about 40% and use a smaller brush.
Overview CMYK Output:-
Monitors work in the RGB colorspace while output to print relies on CMYK. Basically RGB (Red, Green, Blue) is an additive colorspace – it blends those colors together to create the entire spectrum.
CMYK is a subtractive colorspace (Cyan, Magneta, Yellow – the opposites of Red Green and Blue – and we need nominal K for Black because it a subtractive colorspace). You will only need to worry about converting to CMYK when outputting to print, all other images (e.g. for the web) should be RGB. Because there are fewer colors in CYMK than RGB you may get colors that are Out of Gamut when converting.
This is the bane of all print artists as the CMYK output always comes out different to the original. Go View>Out of Gamut to see, if any, what parts of your photo will be out of the CMYK Gamut should you convert, and use the Sponge Tool to desaturate those parts that are Out of Gamut or use Hue/Saturation to desaturate large portions of a photo. Also slightly more Sharpening is generally used when outputting to print.
Photoshop Layers:-
Photoshop files are either flat or have layers. A JPEG file does not save layers, it saves a flat image; if you have layers in your image save it as a .TIFF or the native .PSD file to retain the layers.
Quick Adjustments:-
Auto Levels/Contrast/Color:-
These provide a quick way to correct lighting or color sheens. Even photos taken by top end cameras will need adjustment of some kind. The auto functions will generally work in the way you want about 80% of the time. The rest of the time you will have to make adjustments manually.
Curves:-
Any adjustment that can be done using the Levels tool can be done using Curves but it is a matter of preference which tool you use. The linear curve line represents the tonal range from 0 (bottom left corner) to 255 (top right). The vertical represents the input values and the horizontal, the output values. Generally to add a little more contrast try a very slight ‘S’ curve. You can also use this tool to adjust color balance by adjusting the indivual channels.
Sharpening:-
Any sharpening should always be the last thing you do when you are otherwise happy with the image. Always use the Unsharp Mask. Generally for skin you shouldn’t apply dramatic sharpening.
Move Tool:-
Use to drag layers into their desired position; it will move only the selected layer. (You select a layer by clicking it on the Layers palette). You can also drag and drop between documents or between Photoshop and another application using the Move Tool.
Lasso Tool: freehand/polygon/magnetic:-
Use to select an area of the picture for cutting out layers. Use the Magnetic Lasso Tool for cutting out contrast parts of an image. The Magnetic Lasso works the same way as the Magnetic Pen tool - it draws a path laying fastening points down along the way – the distance apart can be set in the Options bar.
The path will follow the edge of greatest contrast within the brush width area. To reverse an outline, drag back over the outline drawn so far. When you reach a fastening point you can either continue on from there or hit DELETE to reverse your tracks to the fastening point before that. To complete a selection, click on the start point. The Polygon Tool can draw both straight line and freehand selections.
Magic Wand:-
Used to make rough selections based on color. The tolerence setting governs the sensitivity. When you click on an area in the image, Photoshop selects all the ajacent pixels whose color values are within the tolerances ranges specified either side of the selected pixel. You can use the Smoothing option in the Select menu to tidy up a Magic Wand selection. Use this tool only to make rough selections. You are better off using the Select>Color Range option.
Crop Tool:-
Optionally you can use the Width and Height options to specify an exact size in mm, cm or px (pixels). You can also rotate the angle of crop by dragging just outside the crop marquee.
Slicing Tools:-
Used to divide an image up into rectangular sections which will instruct Imageready how to cut up a single image into smaller blocks. You can then specify in ImageReady the settings for each individual slice (file format, compression, etc.)
Healing Brush Tool:-
Great for removing blemishes on skintone. Alt+Click on an area to source from, then click on the blemish; it works by caculating the average difference of the pixels and matching them up. Brush/Pencil Tools Airbrush - Mimics the effect of a real airbrush, producing a spray of paint. Paintbrush - Standard tool for retouching work. Pencil – Produces hard-edged, pencil-like drawing lines. Change the color in the color palette.
Clone Tool/Pattern Stamp:-
Press ALT+Click you select the area you clone from. This ‘source’ will move with you. The clone tool shouldn’t really be used on skin tone; use the Healing Brush Tool for blemishes. You can also of course clone between layers and documents. The clone stamp normally samples from a single layer only. The Use All Layers option permits the clone sample to be taken from merged layers.
History Brush:-
This brush it takes the area of the picture you brush over back to a predefined point that you can set. To set the History point go into the History Palette. On the left of the file name at the top you see the brush icon. This means the History Point is currently set to the the Original opened document. You may want to set this to another point e.g. after you color corrected. To do this click on the box to the left of the point you want. The little brush icon should move to this point.
Eraser Tool:-
The Eraser Tool removes pixels from an image and replaces it with the current background.
Gradient Tool
The Gradient Tool can be used to draw linear, radial, angular or diamond gradients. The dither checkbox should be kept on - this will add subtle noise, ensuring less risk of banding appearing in the gradient fill. You can also customize your own gradients. Gradients can also be applied as a fill layer. Go to the Layers Palette click on the adjustment layer and select Gradient Layer.
Paint Bucket:-
Most useful for filling inside the areas of a mask or quickmask outline. Can also be used for filling with a pattern as well as solid color. Choose the Pattern mode from the options bar and select pattern type.
Focus: blur/sharpen/smudge:-
Use the blur tool instead of the smudge tool to soften an edge. This is just like painting with one of the blur filters, useful for softening outlines after compositing. Use the sharpening tool sparingly.
Toning: dodge/burn/sponge:-
You can select this so the dodge and burn tools affect only the Highlights, Midtones or Shadows. So if you want to darken or burn the shadow portion of an image, choosing the burn tool in shadows mode will enable you to do this. The Sponge Tool has 2 modes – saturate and desaturate. This is useful when converting images from RGB to CMYK and there are small parts of the picture out of gamut. (go View>Gamut Warning). Use the desaturate mode of the Sponge Tool to draw on those areas before converting.
Text Tool:-
After adding text you can change the fonts, apply different colors to all the text or single characters, or enter new text. Layer effects can also be applied.
Pen and Path drawing:-
Paths are useful in several ways: either applying a stroke with one or more paint tools, for saving as a clipped path, or defining as a complex selection shape, which can be converted to a selection or applied to a layer clipping path to mask a layer. The Pen Tool is the professional’s selection tool for large files.
Notes Tool:-
Photoshop allows you to add either text or sound to a file. Annotated documents can be saved in PSD, PDF or TIFF formats. After you add an entry, the text will remain as a small icon floating above the actual image.
Eyedropper Tool:-
The eyedropper samples color values from any open image window and makes that the foreground color. The sample area can be set to Point, 3x3 average or 5x5 average. A 3x3 or 5x5 average may be more representitive of the color value of the pixels as you could be clicking on a ‘noisy’ pixel or some other artefact.
Measure Tool:-
Provides an alternative for measuring distances and angles as well as the standard document rulers. The measure Tool also has a protractor mode – after drawing a meauring line, Alt-click on one of the end points and drap out a second line.
Foreground/Background Colors
The default setting is with black as the foreground and white as the background color.
Overview - Brushes:-
Brush Size:-
The upper size limit is 1x1 pixel to 999x999pixels.
Opacity:-
Basically the strengh of the brush. 100% is full strength, at 30% the effect will be more subtle but will get more noticable each time you brush over the same area.
Hardness:-
This determines if there is any softening to the edge of the brush. If you want a soft edge when cutting out layers turn this down to about 40% and use a smaller brush.
Overview CMYK Output:-
Monitors work in the RGB colorspace while output to print relies on CMYK. Basically RGB (Red, Green, Blue) is an additive colorspace – it blends those colors together to create the entire spectrum.
CMYK is a subtractive colorspace (Cyan, Magneta, Yellow – the opposites of Red Green and Blue – and we need nominal K for Black because it a subtractive colorspace). You will only need to worry about converting to CMYK when outputting to print, all other images (e.g. for the web) should be RGB. Because there are fewer colors in CYMK than RGB you may get colors that are Out of Gamut when converting.
This is the bane of all print artists as the CMYK output always comes out different to the original. Go View>Out of Gamut to see, if any, what parts of your photo will be out of the CMYK Gamut should you convert, and use the Sponge Tool to desaturate those parts that are Out of Gamut or use Hue/Saturation to desaturate large portions of a photo. Also slightly more Sharpening is generally used when outputting to print.
Photoshop Layers:-
Photoshop files are either flat or have layers. A JPEG file does not save layers, it saves a flat image; if you have layers in your image save it as a .TIFF or the native .PSD file to retain the layers.
Quick Adjustments:-
Auto Levels/Contrast/Color:-
These provide a quick way to correct lighting or color sheens. Even photos taken by top end cameras will need adjustment of some kind. The auto functions will generally work in the way you want about 80% of the time. The rest of the time you will have to make adjustments manually.
Curves:-
Any adjustment that can be done using the Levels tool can be done using Curves but it is a matter of preference which tool you use. The linear curve line represents the tonal range from 0 (bottom left corner) to 255 (top right). The vertical represents the input values and the horizontal, the output values. Generally to add a little more contrast try a very slight ‘S’ curve. You can also use this tool to adjust color balance by adjusting the indivual channels.
Sharpening:-
Any sharpening should always be the last thing you do when you are otherwise happy with the image. Always use the Unsharp Mask. Generally for skin you shouldn’t apply dramatic sharpening.
JAVA-9
Constructors:-
Constructors create new instances of a class, that is objects. Constructors are special methods that have the same name as their class and no return type. For example, class TwoDPoint {
double x;
double y;
TwoDPoint(double xvalue, double yvalue) {
this.x = xvalue;
this.y = yvalue;
}
String getAsString() {
return "(" + this.x + "," + this.y + ")";
}
void setX(double value) {
this.x = value;
}
void setY(double value) {
this.y = value;
}
double getX() {
return this.x;
}
double getY() {
return this.y;
}
}
Constructors are used along with the new keyword to produce an object in the class (also called an instance of the class): TwoDPoint origin = new TwoDPoint(0.0, 0.0);
System.out.println("The x coordinate is " + origin.getX());
Shadowing field names and this:-
By making use of the this keyword, you can even use the same name for arguments to the constructor (or any other method) as you use for field names. For example, class TwoDPoint {
double x;
double y;
TwoDPoint(double x, double y) {
this.x = x;
this.y = y;
}
String getAsString() {
return "(" + this.x + "," + this.y + ")";
}
void setX(double x) {
this.x = x;
}
void setY(double y) {
this.y = y;
}
double getX() {
return this.x;
}
double getY() {
return this.y;
}
}
Inside a method, a declaration of a variable or argument with the same name as a field shadows the field. You can refer to the field by prefixing its name with this.
Arrays:-
An array is a collection of variables of the same type.
The args[] array of a main() method is an array of Strings.
Consider a class which counts the occurrences of the digits 0-9. For example you might wish to test the randomness of a random number generator. If a random number generator is truly random, all digits should occur with equal frequency over a sufficiently long period of time.
You will do this by creating an array of ten ints called ndigit. The zeroth component of ndigit will track the number of zeros; the first component will track the numbers of ones and so forth. The RandomTest program below tests Java's random number generator to see if it produces apparently random numbers.import java.util.Random;
class RandomTest
{
public static void main (String args[]) {
int[] ndigits = new int[10];
Random myRandom = new Random();
// Initialize the array
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
ndigits[i] = 0;
}
// Test the random number generator a whole lot
for (long i=0; i < 100000; i++) {
// generate a new random number between 0 and 9
double x = myRandom.nextDouble() * 10.0;
int n = (int) x;
//count the digits in the random number
ndigits[n]++;
}
// Print the results
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
System.out.println(i+": " + ndigits[i]);
}
}
}
Below is one possible output from this program. If you run it your results should be slightly different. After all this is supposed to be random. These results are pretty much what you would expect from a reasonably random generator. If you have a fast CPU and some time to spare, try bringing the number of tests up to a billion or so, and see if the counts for the different digits get any closer to each other. $ javac RandomTest.java
$ java RandomTest
0: 10171
1: 9724
2: 9966
3: 10065
4: 9989
5: 10132
6: 10001
7: 10158
8: 9887
9: 9907
There are three for loops in this program, one to initialize the array, one to perform the desired calculation, and a final one to print out the results. This is quite common in code that uses arrays.
Constructors create new instances of a class, that is objects. Constructors are special methods that have the same name as their class and no return type. For example, class TwoDPoint {
double x;
double y;
TwoDPoint(double xvalue, double yvalue) {
this.x = xvalue;
this.y = yvalue;
}
String getAsString() {
return "(" + this.x + "," + this.y + ")";
}
void setX(double value) {
this.x = value;
}
void setY(double value) {
this.y = value;
}
double getX() {
return this.x;
}
double getY() {
return this.y;
}
}
Constructors are used along with the new keyword to produce an object in the class (also called an instance of the class): TwoDPoint origin = new TwoDPoint(0.0, 0.0);
System.out.println("The x coordinate is " + origin.getX());
Shadowing field names and this:-
By making use of the this keyword, you can even use the same name for arguments to the constructor (or any other method) as you use for field names. For example, class TwoDPoint {
double x;
double y;
TwoDPoint(double x, double y) {
this.x = x;
this.y = y;
}
String getAsString() {
return "(" + this.x + "," + this.y + ")";
}
void setX(double x) {
this.x = x;
}
void setY(double y) {
this.y = y;
}
double getX() {
return this.x;
}
double getY() {
return this.y;
}
}
Inside a method, a declaration of a variable or argument with the same name as a field shadows the field. You can refer to the field by prefixing its name with this.
Arrays:-
An array is a collection of variables of the same type.
The args[] array of a main() method is an array of Strings.
Consider a class which counts the occurrences of the digits 0-9. For example you might wish to test the randomness of a random number generator. If a random number generator is truly random, all digits should occur with equal frequency over a sufficiently long period of time.
You will do this by creating an array of ten ints called ndigit. The zeroth component of ndigit will track the number of zeros; the first component will track the numbers of ones and so forth. The RandomTest program below tests Java's random number generator to see if it produces apparently random numbers.import java.util.Random;
class RandomTest
{
public static void main (String args[]) {
int[] ndigits = new int[10];
Random myRandom = new Random();
// Initialize the array
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
ndigits[i] = 0;
}
// Test the random number generator a whole lot
for (long i=0; i < 100000; i++) {
// generate a new random number between 0 and 9
double x = myRandom.nextDouble() * 10.0;
int n = (int) x;
//count the digits in the random number
ndigits[n]++;
}
// Print the results
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
System.out.println(i+": " + ndigits[i]);
}
}
}
Below is one possible output from this program. If you run it your results should be slightly different. After all this is supposed to be random. These results are pretty much what you would expect from a reasonably random generator. If you have a fast CPU and some time to spare, try bringing the number of tests up to a billion or so, and see if the counts for the different digits get any closer to each other. $ javac RandomTest.java
$ java RandomTest
0: 10171
1: 9724
2: 9966
3: 10065
4: 9989
5: 10132
6: 10001
7: 10158
8: 9887
9: 9907
There are three for loops in this program, one to initialize the array, one to perform the desired calculation, and a final one to print out the results. This is quite common in code that uses arrays.
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